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佰家富app注册网2023-01-31 16:05

中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

  资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

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古代王朝更迭时,前朝货币都去哪儿了?******

提及中国古代货币,人们脑海里不禁浮现出经典的“圆形方孔铜钱”模样。若是定睛一看,环绕着方形孔洞赫然有四个大字——“开元通宝”,再配上铜币上的点点斑驳,来自一千三百余年前的古朴与厚重感扑面而来,仿佛唐代物产琳琅满目、商客络绎不绝的景象都由这一枚小小的钱币所见证。

然而,开元通宝只能在唐朝使用吗?

今人的印象里,货币只是一个时代的符号,随着政权的更迭,这个王朝创造的货币也便逐渐埋入深窖,或是进入古玩收藏家的柜阁,不复流通。就好比在当下,谁也不会在市场上掏出一枚民国银元去买东西。

事实上,这枚唐钱也有可能流通于明代市场。晚明人姜绍书在笔记中写道:“余幼时见开元钱与万历钱参用,轮廓圆整,书写端庄,间发青绿砾斑,古雅可玩,背有指甲痕,相传为杨妃以爪拂蜡模,形如新月。”(《韵石斋笔谈》)依照此人的描述,开元钱居然能在明朝正常使用。

这样看来,古代货币的生命力似乎比创造它的政权顽强许多。那么同理,鼎鼎有名的汉五铢会不会也曾畅行于唐人的生活之中?那些印有年号的“通宝”在改元换代之后命运又如何?古代朝代更迭时,前朝的货币都去哪儿了?

五铢钱,凭实力流通七百余年

中国古代的货币,长期是一种“金钱本位”,即较大数额的交易使用黄金,较小数额则使用铜钱。因此,在人们的日常生活之中,铜钱往往更多地用作流通手段,也无疑更为重要。

以铜铸造钱币,在春秋战国时期才广泛流行起来。这一时期,列国形形色色的铜铸币,被学者归纳为四个体系,即布币、刀币、圜钱(也称环钱)和蚁鼻钱。公元前221年,秦始皇统一全国,他废除了六国那些奇形怪状的货币,秦国圆形方孔的“半两钱”成为全国通用标准。币制的统一,既是政治军事统一的结果,也是经济文化交往融合的诉求。

其实,秦国的货币也吸收了六国货币的一些特征,铢、两成为货币单位,圆形方孔成为货币的基本形制,并非始于秦始皇,是整个战国社会发展的结果。当秦半两成为全国范围内的标准,更多意味着一个时代的终结,而非新的开始。

秦二世而亡,西汉虽在一定程度上延续着秦制,“半两”之实已然不复:中国古代铜钱的名称,一开始是以重量命名,譬如秦的“半两”、汉的“五铢”。后来,这种名称渐渐和重量分离。秦半两原重半两,吕后二年(前186)就减为八铢,文帝五年(前175)减为四铢。按照“二十四铢为两,十六两为斤”(《汉书·律历志》)的标准来换算,这“半两”铜钱足足缩水了三分之二,掂量着手中铜币的重量,自然很难再将之与“半两”之名对应起来了。

西汉八铢半两钱。来源/中国钱币博物馆

而且,由于“秦钱重难用”,汉初允许民间私铸铜钱,那些坐拥铜矿的宠臣、诸侯也凭此机会一夜暴富。(《史记·平准书》)

譬如,文帝时期有个管船的小吏名叫邓通,和文帝关系很好,甚至在文帝病时,为他吸吮痈包。当邓通被人断言“当贫饿死”,文帝看不下去了,寻思自己怎么可能让邓通贫困致死呢?便大手一挥,将蜀郡严道的铜山赐给了他。邓通籍此私铸铜钱,“邓通钱”遍布全国,而他的财产也因此超越王侯。(《史记·佞幸列传》)后来七国之乱的头子吴国,也是“即山铸钱”狠狠地发了一笔。

这种民间铸币滥行,使得市场上的货币轻重不一,物价膨胀,诈伪肆意,管理十分困难:

又民用钱,郡县不同:或用轻钱,百加若干;或用重钱,平称不受。法钱不立,吏急而壹之乎,则大为烦苛,而力不能胜;纵而弗呵乎,则市肆异用,钱文大乱。(《汉书·食货志》)

对于统一的汉王朝来说,既有的货币制度显然已不再适应时代发展的需要。元鼎四年(前113),桑弘羊提出币制改革,为汉武帝所采纳。禁止郡国和民间铸钱,各地私铸的钱币需销毁,由朝廷授权上林三官铸造新的钱币——“五铢钱”。在此次之后,五铢钱得到大规模使用,一直到唐代以后才退出流通的舞台。

海昏侯墓中出土的大量五铢钱,多达300余万枚、重达10余吨。来源/南昌汉代海昏侯国遗址公园

尽管这漫长的七百余年中,五铢钱曾遭受过新莽“禁五铢、行新钱”的挑战,却依然保持着独一无二的地位。三国两晋南北朝时,铸五铢的例子也很多,而历朝铸造的五铢钱,在市场上也有混用的情况。蜀汉政权曾经发行过“直百五铢”,这种五铢的重量不过是蜀五铢的三倍,作价则是百倍,这就使得蜀汉政权能够以等量的铜换取以往三、四十倍的物资和铸币,果然,数月之间,蜀汉府库迅速充盈起来,为诸葛亮北伐等一系列对外作战奠定了财政基础。当然,这种抬高货币的价值而掠夺民财的做法,长此以往造就的经济后果也是显而易见的。

萧梁时期,梁武帝铸梁五铢,又铸造没有外郭的另一种钱币,称为“女钱”,并且多次颁布诏书,要求全国只能适用这两种新铸造的钱。然而,效果并不理想,民间流通依然以旧钱为主,“百姓或私以古钱交易”,当时市场上流通的钱币,有“直百五铢、五铢、女钱、太平百钱、定平一百,五铢稚钱、五铢对文”等,有不少都是前朝铸造的五铢钱种类。(《隋书·食货志》)此外,南北朝时期还出现了一些以年号命名的五铢,如“太和五铢”“永安五铢”等等。

不同时期、不同版式的五铢钱,自左上至右下分别为:西汉五铢、鸡目五铢、剪边五铢蜒环五铢、东汉五铢(背四出)、蜀汉直百五铢、北魏永安五铢、北齐常平五铢、南朝梁五铢(公式女钱)、隋五铢。来源/罗文华《中国钱币的故事》

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